Pandas Profiling Report

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	12
Number of observations	1599
Missing cells	0
Missing cells (%)	0.0%
Duplicate rows	220
Duplicate rows (%)	13.8%
Total size in memory	150.0 KiB
Average record size in memory	96.1 B

Variable types

Numeric	12

Alerts

Dataset has 220 (13.8%) duplicate rows	Duplicates
`fixed acidity` is highly correlated with `citric acid` and 3 other fields	High correlation
`volatile acidity` is highly correlated with `citric acid`	High correlation
`citric acid` is highly correlated with `fixed acidity` and 3 other fields	High correlation
`free sulfur dioxide` is highly correlated with `residual sugar` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`total sulfur dioxide` is highly correlated with `free sulfur dioxide`	High correlation
`density` is highly correlated with `fixed acidity` and 3 other fields	High correlation
`pH` is highly correlated with `fixed acidity` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`residual sugar` is highly correlated with `free sulfur dioxide` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`chlorides` is highly correlated with `citric acid` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`sulphates` is highly correlated with `citric acid` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`alcohol` is highly correlated with `fixed acidity` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`citric acid` has 132 (8.3%) zeros	Zeros

Reproduction

Analysis started	2022-11-24 06:57:49.692000
Analysis finished	2022-11-24 06:58:18.382271
Duration	28.69 seconds
Software version	pandas-profiling v3.4.0
Download configuration	config.json

fixed acidity
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	96
Distinct (%)	6.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	8.319637273

Minimum	4.6
Maximum	15.9
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	4.6
5-th percentile	6.1
Q1	7.1
median	7.9
Q3	9.2
95-th percentile	11.8
Maximum	15.9
Range	11.3
Interquartile range (IQR)	2.1

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.741096318
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2092755082
Kurtosis	1.132143398
Mean	8.319637273
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1
Skewness	0.9827514413
Sum	13303.1
Variance	3.031416389
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
7.2	67	4.2%
7.1	57	3.6%
7.8	53	3.3%
7.5	52	3.3%
7	50	3.1%
7.7	49	3.1%
6.8	46	2.9%
7.6	46	2.9%
8.2	45	2.8%
7.4	44	2.8%
Other values (86)	1090	68.2%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
4.6	1	0.1%
4.7	1	0.1%
4.9	1	0.1%
5	6	0.4%
5.1	4	0.3%
5.2	6	0.4%
5.3	4	0.3%
5.4	5	0.3%
5.5	1	0.1%
5.6	14	0.9%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
15.9	1	0.1%
15.6	2	0.1%
15.5	2	0.1%
15	2	0.1%
14.3	1	0.1%
14	1	0.1%
13.8	1	0.1%
13.7	2	0.1%
13.5	1	0.1%
13.4	1	0.1%

volatile acidity
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	143
Distinct (%)	8.9%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.5278205128

Minimum	0.12
Maximum	1.58
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.12
5-th percentile	0.27
Q1	0.39
median	0.52
Q3	0.64
95-th percentile	0.84
Maximum	1.58
Range	1.46
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.25

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1790597042
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.3392435493
Kurtosis	1.22554225
Mean	0.5278205128
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.12
Skewness	0.6715925724
Sum	843.985
Variance	0.03206237765
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.6	47	2.9%
0.5	46	2.9%
0.43	43	2.7%
0.59	39	2.4%
0.36	38	2.4%
0.58	38	2.4%
0.4	37	2.3%
0.38	35	2.2%
0.49	35	2.2%
0.39	35	2.2%
Other values (133)	1206	75.4%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.12	3	0.2%
0.16	2	0.1%
0.18	10	0.6%
0.19	2	0.1%
0.2	3	0.2%
0.21	6	0.4%
0.22	6	0.4%
0.23	5	0.3%
0.24	13	0.8%
0.25	7	0.4%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1.58	1	0.1%
1.33	2	0.1%
1.24	1	0.1%
1.185	1	0.1%
1.18	1	0.1%
1.13	1	0.1%
1.115	1	0.1%
1.09	1	0.1%
1.07	1	0.1%
1.04	3	0.2%

citric acid
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
ZEROS

Distinct	80
Distinct (%)	5.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.2709756098

Minimum	0
Maximum	1
Zeros	132
Zeros (%)	8.3%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	0
Q1	0.09
median	0.26
Q3	0.42
95-th percentile	0.6
Maximum	1
Range	1
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.33

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1948011374
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.7188880858
Kurtosis	-0.7889975154
Mean	0.2709756098
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.17
Skewness	0.3183372953
Sum	433.29
Variance	0.03794748313
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	132	8.3%
0.49	68	4.3%
0.24	51	3.2%
0.02	50	3.1%
0.26	38	2.4%
0.1	35	2.2%
0.08	33	2.1%
0.21	33	2.1%
0.01	33	2.1%
0.32	32	2.0%
Other values (70)	1094	68.4%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	132	8.3%
0.01	33	2.1%
0.02	50	3.1%
0.03	30	1.9%
0.04	29	1.8%
0.05	20	1.3%
0.06	24	1.5%
0.07	22	1.4%
0.08	33	2.1%
0.09	30	1.9%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	1	0.1%
0.79	1	0.1%
0.78	1	0.1%
0.76	3	0.2%
0.75	1	0.1%
0.74	4	0.3%
0.73	3	0.2%
0.72	1	0.1%
0.71	1	0.1%
0.7	2	0.1%

residual sugar
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	91
Distinct (%)	5.7%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	2.538805503

Minimum	0.9
Maximum	15.5
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.9
5-th percentile	1.59
Q1	1.9
median	2.2
Q3	2.6
95-th percentile	5.1
Maximum	15.5
Range	14.6
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.7

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.40992806
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5553509545
Kurtosis	28.61759542
Mean	2.538805503
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.3
Skewness	4.540655426
Sum	4059.55
Variance	1.987897133
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2	156	9.8%
2.2	131	8.2%
1.8	129	8.1%
2.1	128	8.0%
1.9	117	7.3%
2.3	109	6.8%
2.4	86	5.4%
2.5	84	5.3%
2.6	79	4.9%
1.7	76	4.8%
Other values (81)	504	31.5%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.9	2	0.1%
1.2	8	0.5%
1.3	5	0.3%
1.4	35	2.2%
1.5	30	1.9%
1.6	58	3.6%
1.65	2	0.1%
1.7	76	4.8%
1.75	2	0.1%
1.8	129	8.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
15.5	1	0.1%
15.4	2	0.1%
13.9	1	0.1%
13.8	2	0.1%
13.4	1	0.1%
12.9	1	0.1%
11	2	0.1%
10.7	1	0.1%
9	1	0.1%
8.9	1	0.1%

chlorides
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	153
Distinct (%)	9.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.08746654159

Minimum	0.012
Maximum	0.611
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.012
5-th percentile	0.054
Q1	0.07
median	0.079
Q3	0.09
95-th percentile	0.1261
Maximum	0.611
Range	0.599
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.02

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.04706530201
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5380949236
Kurtosis	41.71578725
Mean	0.08746654159
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.01
Skewness	5.680346572
Sum	139.859
Variance	0.002215142653
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.08	66	4.1%
0.074	55	3.4%
0.076	51	3.2%
0.078	51	3.2%
0.084	49	3.1%
0.071	47	2.9%
0.077	47	2.9%
0.082	46	2.9%
0.075	45	2.8%
0.079	43	2.7%
Other values (143)	1099	68.7%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.012	2	0.1%
0.034	1	0.1%
0.038	2	0.1%
0.039	4	0.3%
0.041	4	0.3%
0.042	3	0.2%
0.043	1	0.1%
0.044	5	0.3%
0.045	4	0.3%
0.046	4	0.3%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.611	1	0.1%
0.61	1	0.1%
0.467	1	0.1%
0.464	1	0.1%
0.422	1	0.1%
0.415	3	0.2%
0.414	2	0.1%
0.413	1	0.1%
0.403	1	0.1%
0.401	1	0.1%

free sulfur dioxide
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	60
Distinct (%)	3.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	15.87492183

Minimum	1
Maximum	72
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	1
5-th percentile	4
Q1	7
median	14
Q3	21
95-th percentile	35
Maximum	72
Range	71
Interquartile range (IQR)	14

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	10.46015697
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.6589107704
Kurtosis	2.023562046
Mean	15.87492183
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	7
Skewness	1.250567293
Sum	25384
Variance	109.4148838
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
6	138	8.6%
5	104	6.5%
10	79	4.9%
15	78	4.9%
12	75	4.7%
7	71	4.4%
9	62	3.9%
16	61	3.8%
17	60	3.8%
11	59	3.7%
Other values (50)	812	50.8%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1	3	0.2%
2	1	0.1%
3	49	3.1%
4	41	2.6%
5	104	6.5%
5.5	1	0.1%
6	138	8.6%
7	71	4.4%
8	56	3.5%
9	62	3.9%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
72	1	0.1%
68	2	0.1%
66	1	0.1%
57	1	0.1%
55	2	0.1%
54	1	0.1%
53	1	0.1%
52	3	0.2%
51	4	0.3%
50	2	0.1%

total sulfur dioxide
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	144
Distinct (%)	9.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	46.46779237

Minimum	6
Maximum	289
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	6
5-th percentile	11
Q1	22
median	38
Q3	62
95-th percentile	112.1
Maximum	289
Range	283
Interquartile range (IQR)	40

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	32.89532448
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.7079166623
Kurtosis	3.809824488
Mean	46.46779237
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	18
Skewness	1.515531258
Sum	74302
Variance	1082.102373
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
28	43	2.7%
24	36	2.3%
15	35	2.2%
18	35	2.2%
23	34	2.1%
14	33	2.1%
20	33	2.1%
31	32	2.0%
38	31	1.9%
27	30	1.9%
Other values (134)	1257	78.6%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
6	3	0.2%
7	4	0.3%
8	14	0.9%
9	14	0.9%
10	27	1.7%
11	26	1.6%
12	29	1.8%
13	28	1.8%
14	33	2.1%
15	35	2.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
289	1	0.1%
278	1	0.1%
165	1	0.1%
160	1	0.1%
155	1	0.1%
153	1	0.1%
152	1	0.1%
151	2	0.1%
149	1	0.1%
148	2	0.1%

density
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	436
Distinct (%)	27.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.9967466792

Minimum	0.99007
Maximum	1.00369
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.99007
5-th percentile	0.993598
Q1	0.9956
median	0.99675
Q3	0.997835
95-th percentile	1
Maximum	1.00369
Range	0.01362
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.002235

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.001887333954
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.001893494098
Kurtosis	0.9340790655
Mean	0.9967466792
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.00113
Skewness	0.07128766295
Sum	1593.79794
Variance	3.562029453 × 10^-6
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.9972	36	2.3%
0.9968	35	2.2%
0.9976	35	2.2%
0.998	29	1.8%
0.9962	28	1.8%
0.9978	26	1.6%
0.9964	25	1.6%
0.9994	24	1.5%
0.997	24	1.5%
0.9982	23	1.4%
Other values (426)	1314	82.2%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.99007	2	0.1%
0.9902	1	0.1%
0.99064	2	0.1%
0.9908	1	0.1%
0.99084	1	0.1%
0.9912	1	0.1%
0.9915	1	0.1%
0.99154	1	0.1%
0.99157	1	0.1%
0.9916	2	0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
1.00369	2	0.1%
1.0032	1	0.1%
1.00315	3	0.2%
1.00289	1	0.1%
1.0026	2	0.1%
1.00242	2	0.1%
1.0022	2	0.1%
1.0021	2	0.1%
1.0018	1	0.1%
1.0015	2	0.1%

pH
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	89
Distinct (%)	5.6%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	3.311113196

Minimum	2.74
Maximum	4.01
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	2.74
5-th percentile	3.06
Q1	3.21
median	3.31
Q3	3.4
95-th percentile	3.57
Maximum	4.01
Range	1.27
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.19

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1543864649
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.04662675535
Kurtosis	0.8069425082
Mean	3.311113196
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.1
Skewness	0.1936834981
Sum	5294.47
Variance	0.02383518055
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3.3	57	3.6%
3.36	56	3.5%
3.26	53	3.3%
3.38	48	3.0%
3.39	48	3.0%
3.29	46	2.9%
3.32	45	2.8%
3.34	43	2.7%
3.28	42	2.6%
3.2	39	2.4%
Other values (79)	1122	70.2%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2.74	1	0.1%
2.86	1	0.1%
2.87	1	0.1%
2.88	2	0.1%
2.89	4	0.3%
2.9	1	0.1%
2.92	4	0.3%
2.93	3	0.2%
2.94	4	0.3%
2.95	1	0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
4.01	2	0.1%
3.9	2	0.1%
3.85	1	0.1%
3.78	2	0.1%
3.75	1	0.1%
3.74	1	0.1%
3.72	3	0.2%
3.71	4	0.3%
3.7	1	0.1%
3.69	4	0.3%

sulphates
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	96
Distinct (%)	6.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.658148843

Minimum	0.33
Maximum	2
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.33
5-th percentile	0.47
Q1	0.55
median	0.62
Q3	0.73
95-th percentile	0.93
Maximum	2
Range	1.67
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.18

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1695069796
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2575511321
Kurtosis	11.72025073
Mean	0.658148843
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.08
Skewness	2.428672354
Sum	1052.38
Variance	0.02873261613
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.6	69	4.3%
0.58	68	4.3%
0.54	68	4.3%
0.62	61	3.8%
0.56	60	3.8%
0.57	55	3.4%
0.53	51	3.2%
0.59	51	3.2%
0.55	50	3.1%
0.63	48	3.0%
Other values (86)	1018	63.7%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.33	1	0.1%
0.37	2	0.1%
0.39	6	0.4%
0.4	4	0.3%
0.42	5	0.3%
0.43	8	0.5%
0.44	16	1.0%
0.45	12	0.8%
0.46	18	1.1%
0.47	19	1.2%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2	1	0.1%
1.98	1	0.1%
1.95	2	0.1%
1.62	1	0.1%
1.61	1	0.1%
1.59	1	0.1%
1.56	1	0.1%
1.36	3	0.2%
1.34	1	0.1%
1.33	1	0.1%

alcohol
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	65
Distinct (%)	4.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	10.42298311

Minimum	8.4
Maximum	14.9
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	8.4
5-th percentile	9.2
Q1	9.5
median	10.2
Q3	11.1
95-th percentile	12.5
Maximum	14.9
Range	6.5
Interquartile range (IQR)	1.6

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.065667582
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1022420904
Kurtosis	0.2000293113
Mean	10.42298311
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.7
Skewness	0.8608288069
Sum	16666.35
Variance	1.135647395
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
9.5	139	8.7%
9.4	103	6.4%
9.8	78	4.9%
9.2	72	4.5%
10	67	4.2%
10.5	67	4.2%
9.3	59	3.7%
11	59	3.7%
9.6	59	3.7%
9.7	54	3.4%
Other values (55)	842	52.7%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8.4	2	0.1%
8.5	1	0.1%
8.7	2	0.1%
8.8	2	0.1%
9	30	1.9%
9.05	1	0.1%
9.1	23	1.4%
9.2	72	4.5%
9.233333333	1	0.1%
9.25	1	0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
14.9	1	0.1%
14	7	0.4%
13.6	4	0.3%
13.56666667	1	0.1%
13.5	1	0.1%
13.4	3	0.2%
13.3	3	0.2%
13.2	1	0.1%
13.1	2	0.1%
13	6	0.4%

quality
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

Distinct	6
Distinct (%)	0.4%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	5.636022514

Minimum	3
Maximum	8
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	12.6 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	3
5-th percentile	5
Q1	5
median	6
Q3	6
95-th percentile	7
Maximum	8
Range	5
Interquartile range (IQR)	1

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.8075694397
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.143287121
Kurtosis	0.2967081198
Mean	5.636022514
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	1
Skewness	0.2178015755
Sum	9012
Variance	0.6521684
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=6)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5	681	42.6%
6	638	39.9%
7	199	12.4%
4	53	3.3%
8	18	1.1%
3	10	0.6%

Minimum 10 values
Maximum 10 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
3	10	0.6%
4	53	3.3%
5	681	42.6%
6	638	39.9%
7	199	12.4%
8	18	1.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8	18	1.1%
7	199	12.4%
6	638	39.9%
5	681	42.6%
4	53	3.3%
3	10	0.6%

Auto

The auto setting is an easily interpretable pairwise column metric of the following mapping: vartype-vartype : method, categorical-categorical : Cramer's V, numerical-categorical : Cramer's V (using a discretized numerical column), numerical-numerical : Spearman's ρ. This configuration uses the best suitable for each pair of columns.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Count
Matrix

A simple visualization of nullity by column.

Nullity matrix is a data-dense display which lets you quickly visually pick out patterns in data completion.

First rows

	fixed acidity	volatile acidity	citric acid	residual sugar	chlorides	free sulfur dioxide	total sulfur dioxide	density	pH	sulphates	alcohol	quality
0	7.4	0.70	0.00	1.9	0.076	11.0	34.0	0.9978	3.51	0.56	9.4	5
1	7.8	0.88	0.00	2.6	0.098	25.0	67.0	0.9968	3.20	0.68	9.8	5
2	7.8	0.76	0.04	2.3	0.092	15.0	54.0	0.9970	3.26	0.65	9.8	5
3	11.2	0.28	0.56	1.9	0.075	17.0	60.0	0.9980	3.16	0.58	9.8	6
4	7.4	0.70	0.00	1.9	0.076	11.0	34.0	0.9978	3.51	0.56	9.4	5
5	7.4	0.66	0.00	1.8	0.075	13.0	40.0	0.9978	3.51	0.56	9.4	5
6	7.9	0.60	0.06	1.6	0.069	15.0	59.0	0.9964	3.30	0.46	9.4	5
7	7.3	0.65	0.00	1.2	0.065	15.0	21.0	0.9946	3.39	0.47	10.0	7
8	7.8	0.58	0.02	2.0	0.073	9.0	18.0	0.9968	3.36	0.57	9.5	7
9	7.5	0.50	0.36	6.1	0.071	17.0	102.0	0.9978	3.35	0.80	10.5	5

Last rows

	fixed acidity	volatile acidity	citric acid	residual sugar	chlorides	free sulfur dioxide	total sulfur dioxide	density	pH	sulphates	alcohol	quality
1589	6.6	0.725	0.20	7.8	0.073	29.0	79.0	0.99770	3.29	0.54	9.2	5
1590	6.3	0.550	0.15	1.8	0.077	26.0	35.0	0.99314	3.32	0.82	11.6	6
1591	5.4	0.740	0.09	1.7	0.089	16.0	26.0	0.99402	3.67	0.56	11.6	6
1592	6.3	0.510	0.13	2.3	0.076	29.0	40.0	0.99574	3.42	0.75	11.0	6
1593	6.8	0.620	0.08	1.9	0.068	28.0	38.0	0.99651	3.42	0.82	9.5	6
1594	6.2	0.600	0.08	2.0	0.090	32.0	44.0	0.99490	3.45	0.58	10.5	5
1595	5.9	0.550	0.10	2.2	0.062	39.0	51.0	0.99512	3.52	0.76	11.2	6
1596	6.3	0.510	0.13	2.3	0.076	29.0	40.0	0.99574	3.42	0.75	11.0	6
1597	5.9	0.645	0.12	2.0	0.075	32.0	44.0	0.99547	3.57	0.71	10.2	5
1598	6.0	0.310	0.47	3.6	0.067	18.0	42.0	0.99549	3.39	0.66	11.0	6

Most frequently occurring

	fixed acidity	volatile acidity	citric acid	residual sugar	chlorides	free sulfur dioxide	total sulfur dioxide	density	pH	sulphates	alcohol	quality	# duplicates
22	6.7	0.460	0.24	1.7	0.077	18.0	34.0	0.99480	3.39	0.60	10.6	6	4
52	7.2	0.360	0.46	2.1	0.074	24.0	44.0	0.99534	3.40	0.85	11.0	7	4
63	7.2	0.695	0.13	2.0	0.076	12.0	20.0	0.99546	3.29	0.54	10.1	5	4
81	7.5	0.510	0.02	1.7	0.084	13.0	31.0	0.99538	3.36	0.54	10.5	6	4
5	6.0	0.500	0.00	1.4	0.057	15.0	26.0	0.99448	3.36	0.45	9.5	5	3
12	6.4	0.640	0.21	1.8	0.081	14.0	31.0	0.99689	3.59	0.66	9.8	5	3
39	7.0	0.650	0.02	2.1	0.066	8.0	25.0	0.99720	3.47	0.67	9.5	6	3
40	7.0	0.690	0.07	2.5	0.091	15.0	21.0	0.99572	3.38	0.60	11.3	6	3
60	7.2	0.630	0.00	1.9	0.097	14.0	38.0	0.99675	3.37	0.58	9.0	6	3
104	7.8	0.600	0.26	2.0	0.080	31.0	131.0	0.99622	3.21	0.52	9.9	5	3

Overview

Variables

Interactions

Correlations

Auto

Spearman's ρ

Pearson's r

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows

Duplicate rows

Most frequently occurring